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lunes, 22 de marzo de 2010

Operant Conditioning and Diffrences between Classical Con.



Operant Conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical Conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "Voluntary behavior" or operant behavior.The main dependent variable is the rate of response that is developed over a period of time. New operant responses can be further developed and shaped by reinforcing close approximation of the desired response.

Postive Reinforcement: occurs when a behavior is followed by a favorable stimulus that increases the frequency of that behavior.

Negative Reinforcement: occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus thereby increasing the behavior's frequency.

Positive Punishment: occurs when a behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

Negative Punishment:occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy followed an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.



More about Operant Conditioning: http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/

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Watson's Info

-In 1913, Watson published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" — sometimes called "The Behaviorist
Manifesto".

- Little Albert Experiment: Little Albert did not fear the rat and white rabbit until he was conditioned to do so. From this experiment, Watson concluded that parents can shape a child’s behavior and development simply by a scheming control of all stimulus-response associations





Ivan Pavlov

-Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia. He began his higher education as a student at the Rayazan Ecclesiastical Seminary.

-Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva and what response it had to food under different conditions.


March 3, 2010 Encoding and Memory

When information comes into our memory system (from sensory input), it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with, so that it can be stored. (Think of this as similar to changing your money into a different currency when you travel from one country to another). For example, a word which is seen (on the whiteboard) may be stored if it is changed (encoded) into a sound or a meaning (i.e. semantic processing).
There are three main ways in which information can be encoded (changed):
1. Visual (picture)
2. Acoustic (sound)
3. Semantic (meaning)